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Geotherms in the boundary layer undulate over the width of the convection cell in Figure 1. The ?20 km of scalloped relief for the T_? = 40 K model is potentially detectable by seismic methods. Other effects may indirectly be detectable. The flow pattern may produce mineral fabric. The time variation of temperature along a flow path of a rock is potentially detectable by xenolith studies. I obtain scaling relationships for relief, with forethought beginning with penetration of an upwardswelling into the lithosphere.

4.1. Upwelling For the Lithosphere

The thermal lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in the model is gradational. Tractions and velocities normal to horizontal planes vary continuously with depth. I begin by obtaining scaling relationships for vertical velocity with an upwelling (Figure 2). _?.

Importantly, the laterally averaged (root mean square) vertical velocity in the rheological boundary layer V_Z scales with V_up. Lateral velocities of rapid flow in the active part of the rheological boundary layer and velocities within downwellings scale as T_? ?2 , while the average vertical velocity within the rheological boundary layer and the velocity of sluggish flow at the top of the rheological boundary layer scale as V_Z ? T_? ?1 .

The brand new scaling relationships during the (10) gets a good approximation to have need for T

I obtain calibrated scaling relationships for relief at the base of the lithosphere, beginning with the inference that laterally average heat flow is constrained. That is, I let model results guide scaling analysis, as a rigorous simple scaling relationship is not evident. From (8), the asthenosphere viscosity at constant heat flow is proportional to T_? 4 . My models have the predicted heat flow in (8) of mW m ?2 . I present models with T_? = , 50, 65, 80, 100, 120, 150 K. The half-space viscosity of these models retaining extra digits used in the calculations is 0.0405, 0.128, 0.3125, 0.8925, 2.048, 5, , and ? 10 19 Pa s, respectively.

The ratio T_L/T_? conveniently delineates the domain of stagnant-lid convection. [ Solomatov and Moresi, 2000 ]. I briefly discuss low values of this parameter, as significant scalloping occurs at high values. Figure 4 has T_L/T_? = () = 10.8, which is within the stagnant-lid regime. The laterally averaged heat flow oscillates before converging to a limit slightly higher than the theoretical prediction (Figure 5). The downwelling is not centered in the model and the dipping streamlines in the rightmost upwelling indicate that convection is time dependent. Otherwise, geotherms are relatively flat away from downwellings. The time dependent behavior of the model with T_? of 150 K is more complicated. I discuss it in Appendix B.

I concentrate sub-regime of stagnant-lid convection of low values of T_? where significant scalloping occurs. This sites de rencontres pour célibataires ethniques region of parameter space is inconvenient in physical and numerical experiments. The linear viscosity models in Table 4 of Solomatov and Moresi had T_L/T_? between and , which is equivalent to T_? = 106–67 K for T_L = 1300°C. Davaille and Jaupart [1993a] had laboratory T_L/T_? < which implies T_? > 94 K for my parameters.

Figure 1 illustrates a basic feature of stagnant-lid convection: planform with small T_? = 40 K (T_L/T_? = 32.5) differs from that at large T_? = 100 K. Isotherms dip more from upwelling to downwelling for T_? = 40 K than the latter case. Streamlines for T_? = 40 K that penetrate the rheological boundary layer reach their minimum depths near the upwelling and cross dipping isotherms at small angles. Streamlines for T_? = 100 K reach their minimum depths near the downwelling and cross isotherms at moderate angles. In both cases, the minimum temperature on a streamline occurs at the lip of the downwelling.